Localization of Arbutin in Pyrvs by Means of Alkaline P-Phenylenediamine

A reagent composed of 0.2% p-phenylenediamine in 2 N NH₄OH was used for the cytochemical demonstration of arbutin in plant tissue. Sections of fresh tissue were cut at 25-50 μ, mounted in a drop of the reagent, and allowed to stand uncovered 15-20 min before applying a coverslip. Arbutin stained dark blue to dark purple and was easily distinguished from other constituents of the cell, such as chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and quinic acid, which stained yellow, yellow-green, red or brown in color. The limit of sensitivity of the p-phenylenediamine-arbutin reaction was 1:100,000, as determined by spot-plate tests.     

Perialveolar interstitial resistance and compliance in isolated rat lung

We have developed a method to characterize fluid transport through the perialveolar interstitium using micropuncture techniques. In 10 experiments we established isolated perfused rat lung preparations. The lungs were initially isogravimetric at 10 cmH2O arterial pressure, 2 cmH2O venous pressure, and 5 cmH2O alveolar pressure. Perialveolar interstitial pressure was determined by micropuncture at alveolar junctions by use of the servo-null technique. Simultaneously a second micropipette was placed in an alveolar junction 20-40 microns away, and a bolus of albumin solution (3.5 g/100 ml) was injected. The resulting pressure transient was recorded for injection durations of 1 and 4 s in nonedematous lungs. The measurements were repeated after gross edema formation induced by elevated perfusion pressure. We model the interstitium as a homogeneous linearly poroelastic material and assume the initial pressure distribution due to the injection to be Gaussian. The pressure decay is inversely proportional to time, with time constant T, where T is a measure of the ratio of interstitial tissue stiffness to interstitial resistance to fluid flow. A linear regression was performed on the reciprocal of the pressure for the decaying portion of the transients to determine T. Comparing pressure transients in nonedematous and edematous lungs, we found that T was 4.0 +/- 1.4 and 1.4 +/- 0.6 s, respectively. We have shown that fluid transport through the pulmonary interstitium on a local level is sensitive to changes in interstitial stiffness and resistance. These results are consistent with the decreased stiffness and resistance in the perialveolar interstitium that accompany increased hydration.     

Persistent infection of rhesus macaques with a molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence of minimal genetic drift and low pathogenetic effects.

In an attempt to generate a suitable animal model to study the infectivity and possible pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency viruses, we intravenously inoculated juvenile rhesus macaques and African green monkeys with a molecularly cloned virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 HIV-2sbl/isy, as well as with the uncloned HIV-2nih-z virus. Infection was monitored by virus recovery from the peripheral blood cells and by seroconversion against HIV-2 antigens measured by Western immunoblot, radioimmunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We successfully infected two out of two macaques with the molecularly cloned virus and one macaque out of two with the HIV-2nih-z. No evidence of infection was seen in the African green monkeys with either virus. We followed the infected animals for 2 years. The animals remained healthy, although we observed intermittent lymphadenopathy and a transient decrease in the absolute number of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes in both animals infected with the molecularly cloned virus. Virus isolation from the peripheral blood cells of the infected animals was successful only within the first few months after inoculation. Evidence of persistent infection was provided by the detection of proviral DNA by polymerase chain reaction analysis of the blood cells of the inoculated animals and by the stability of antiviral antibody titers. To evaluate the genetic drift of the proviral DNA, we molecularly cloned viruses which were reisolated 1 and 5 months postinoculation from one of these animals. Comparison of the DNA sequences of the envelope genes of both these isolates indicated that a low degree of variation (0.2%) in the envelope protein had occurred in vivo during the 5-month period. These data suggest that the use of HIV-2sbl/isy in rhesus macaques may represent a good animal model system to study prevention of viral infection. In particular, molecularly cloned virus can be manipulated for functional studies of viral genes in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and provides a reproducible source of virus for vaccine studies.     

Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from insectivores. VII. Six new species from the hairy-tailed mole, Parascalops breweri

Sixteen hairy-tailed moles, Parascalops breweri, collected from the northeastern U.S.A. were examined for coccidian oocysts; all were infected with multiple species of coccidia and 3 genera were represented. Two cyclosporans, 2 eimerians, and 2 isosporans are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Cyclospora ashtabulensis n. sp. are subspheroid to ellipsoid, 18 X 14 (14-23 X 11-19) microns, and sporocysts are ovoid, 12 X 7 (8-14 X 5-9) microns; C. ashtabulensis was found in 7 of 16 (44%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Cyclospora parascalopi n. sp. are spheroid, 17 X 14 (13-20 X 11-20) microns, and sporocysts are ovoid, 11 X 7 (8-14 X 5-8) microns; C. parascalopi was found in 8 of 16 (50%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria aethiospora n. sp. are subspheroid to ellipsoid, 19 X 13 (15-24 X 10-16) microns, and sporocysts are ovoid, 11 X 6 (8-13 X 4-7) microns; E. aethiospora was found in 4 of 16 (25%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria titthus n. sp. are subspheroid, 16 X 14 (13-19 X 11-17) microns, and sporocysts are ellipsoid, 11 X 6 (9-13 X 4-7) microns; E. titthus was found in 4 of 16 (25%) moles. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora ashtabulensis n. sp. are ellipsoid, 20 X 14 (16-24 X 10-18) microns, and sporocysts are ovoid, 10 X 7 (7-14 X 5-10) microns; I. ashtabulensis was found in 5 of 16 (31%) moles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Phytohormone-induced GABA production in transformed root cultures of Datura stramonium: an in vivo 15N NMR study

Primary nitrogen metabolism in transformed root cultures ofDatura stramonium was observed by in vivo ¹⁵N NMR. Treatmentof the root cultures with the plant growth regulators -naphthaleneaceticacid (NAA) and kinetin caused a de-differentiation of the roottissue, together with perturbation of primary and secondarynitrogen metabolism. The levels of newly-synthesized glutamineand glutamate during ammonium assimilation were depleted relativeto control cultures, whereas GABA biosynthesis was enhanced.Although GABA production could be stimulated by a decrease incytoplasmic pH (whether imposed artificially or induced by hypoxia),observation of the roots during phytohormone treatment by ³¹PNMR showed that the cytoplasmic pH remained stable, indicatingthat the perturbation of nitrogen metabolism in the de-differentiatedroots must be due to other causes. Key words: Datura, -aminobutyric acid, nitrogen metabolism, NMR, root cultures     

IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows' milk in England and Wales.

IS900 PCR for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was applied to cream, whey, and pellet fractions of centrifuged whole cows' milk. The test and simultaneous control reactions gave correct results for spiked milk and for native milk samples obtained directly from M. paratuberculosis-free, subclinically infected, and clinically infected cows. The test was then applied to units of whole pasteurized cows' milk widely obtained from retail outlets throughout central and southern England from September 1991 to March 1993. With peak periods in January to March and in September to November, when up to 25% of units were affected, an overall 22 of 312 samples (7%) tested positive for M. paratuberculosis. In 18 of the 22 positive samples (81%), the PCR signal segregated to the cream or pellet fractions or both, consistent with the presence of intact mycobacteria. Nine of 18 PCR-positive milk samples (50%) and 6 of 36 PCR-negative milk samples (16%) yielded long-term liquid cultures which tested positive for M. paratuberculosis after 13 to 40 months of incubation, despite overgrowth by other organisms. Taken together with data on the prevalence of M. paratuberculosis infection in herds in the United Kingdom, the known secretion of M. paratuberculosis in milk from subclinically infected animals, and the inability of laboratory conditions simulating pasteurization to ensure the killing of all these slowly growing or unculturable organisms, there is a high risk, particularly at peak times, that residual M. paratuberculosis will be present in retail pasteurized cows' milk in England.     

Developmental progression of Gpd expression from the inactive X chromosome of the virginia opossum

Metatherian (marsupial) mammals possess a non-random form of X-chromosome inactivation in which the paternally-derived X is always the one inactivated. To examine the progression of X-linked gene expression during metatherian development, we compared relative levels of the maternally and paternally encoded Gpd gene products in heterozygous female Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) across a moior portion of the developmental period. Panels of tissues obtained from fetuses, newborns, and pouch young were examined via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the G6PD protein. As in adults, G6PD phenotypes in these developmental stages were highly skewed in favor of the maternal allele product, but in some tissues there was a marked increase in paternal allele expression with advancing developmental age. However, even by 42 days of post-partum development, expression of the paternal Gpd allele had not attained the adult, tissue-specific activity pattern. Our findings indicate remarkable developmental changes in the activity of the paternal allele in several tissues/organs continuing well into mid pouch-life stages and beyond. Specifically we found that 1) a substantially repressed paternal Gpdgene is present in the cells of female stage 29 fetuses and later developmental stages, 2) the activity state of the paternal Gpd gene is not fixed during early embryonic development in this species, 3) maior changes in paternal Gpd expression occur in advanced developmental stages and comprise a maturation of the gene expression pattern during ontogeny, and 4) alterations of paternal Gpd allele activity during development occur in a tissue-specific manner. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.